Greville's claim to be 'the master of Shakespeare'

Fulke Greville’s alleged remark: ‘I am the master of Shakespeare’, first appeared in print in David Lloyd’s biography of him in The Statesmen and Favourites of England since the Reformation (1670). Lloyd's most likely source for the remark is Greville’s page, William Davenant, who is famous for his claim to have been Shakespeare’s son. The one time prompter of Drury Lane (founded by Davenant), William Chetwood, wrote that Greville’s page ‘was, by many, supposed the natural son of Shakespear’. If the Stratford Recorder did make such a remark to his young page, was he telling the truth? Greville had the reputation among his contemporaries of being a gentle, honourable and honest man. As John Buxton observed, he ‘was not at all the man to make such a claim if it had no meaning’. The great Shakesperean scholar, Professor Geoffrey Bullough, whose 8 volume Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare is generally agreed to the ‘definitive account’ (Drabble), wrote of Greville, and by implication of his ‘claim’: ‘as I see it, the astonishing realism of his thought’ is ‘the result of his unflinching truthfulness’.

If one accepts that Greville’s claim was true, what exactly did he mean by it? Did he mean that he had been William Shakspere’s employer at some period or did he mean that he had been the ‘master’ of Shakespeare’s ‘works’, using the word in the Elizabethan sense of ‘master’ of a painter’s studio or a ‘school’ of painting?

Greville’s biographers have proved remarkably shy of investigating his ‘tantalizing’ claim. Professor Rebholz, in his Life of Fulke Greville, makes no mention of it at all, which seems very strange. Professor Rees in her Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke (42, 218), says only that his claim ‘whets the curiosity’, particularly as Lloyd may have had the story from Sir William Davenant, Fulke Greville’s famous page. Some Stratfordian biographers such as Ralegh (1907), Brown (1951), Alexander (1964), Holden (1999) and Greenblatt (2005), make no mention of Greville or his claim in their books but, on the whole, Stratfordian scholars have been very willing to incorporate Greville into their theory and give him a staring role in the life of his fellow townsman.

E. K. Chambers held that Shakspere had been first employed by Greville’s father, the old Stratford Recorder, who ‘maintained domestic players at Beauchamps Court’. Katherine Duncan-Jones also believed that ‘Shakspere’s earliest patron’ was Fulke Greville senior. In a chapter entitled ‘Sir Fulke Greville’s Man?’ she conjectured that perhaps it was as a performer in a Christmas or Whitsuntide play that Shakspere was first ‘spotted by Greville’. According to her theory, Shakspere served him in some capacity, probably as a player, possibly also as a clerk or secretary.’ Ackroyd in his Shakespeare – The Biography (477), was certain that as a ‘poet and dramatist’, as well as a fellow townsman, Greville ‘knew Shakespeare very well indeed’. Dame Francis Yates believed that the young William Shakspere ‘had access to Greville’s house and circle’ and Rosemary Sisson suggested that he had once been ‘Fulke Greville’s page’.

The great Shakespearean scholar Charles Lamb was deeply interested in Greville’s claim to have been Shakespeare’s ‘master’ and the author of Antony and Cleopatra. When he was asked at a dinner party which personages from history he would most like to meet face to face, he astonished his friends, including Hazlett (Essays, 1821-2, ‘Of persons One Would Wish to have Seen’), by choosing, not Shakespeare, but Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, as one of the ‘ghosts’ he would most like to question. Lamb described Greville as ‘a truly formidable and inviting personage; his style apocalyptical, cabalistical, a knot worthy of such an apparition to untie; and for the unravelling of a passage or two, I would stand the brunt of an encounter with so portentous a commentator.’ Obviously referring to Greville’s ‘mysterious’ claim, Lamb said ‘I should like to ask him ‘the meaning of what no mortal I should suppose, can fathom.’

The Master of Shakespeare, Volume I, by A. W. L. Saunders (2007), describes the results of 354 state of the art Image Profile Tests which provide a powerful answer to the question that Charles Lamb clearly wished to ask of the ghost of Shakespeare’s ‘master’, Fulke Greville:

‘Were you the real Shakespeare?’

Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke: The Master of Shakespeare

FULKE GREVILLE SAID HE DESIRED TO BE KNOWN TO POSTERITY UNDER NO OTHER NOTIONS THAN OF SHAKESPEARE'S MASTER

He was the son of Sir Fulke Greville, de jure 4th Lord Willoughby de Broke, of Beauchamps Court, the family seat situated a few miles from Stratford-upon-Avon. Physically, Greville is reported to have been a thin, athletic and extremely handsome man. He was a great womanizer who ‘lived and died a constant courtier of the ladies’ (Naunton), but he is most famous for his legendary friendship with Sir Philip Sidney and his long and tempestuous love affair with Sidney’s sister, Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Greville was much loved by Queen Elizabeth and, according to his close friend Sir Robert Naunton, he ‘had the longest lease, and the smoothest time without rub, of any of Elizabeth’s Favourites.’ Aubrey (Brief Lives) reported that Greville ‘was a good wit’ which suggests that the secret of his success with the Queen was his ability to make her laugh.

In his long life, the Recorder of Stratford-upon-Avon played many parts. After being educated at Shrewsbury (where he met his lifelong friend Philip Sidney), and Jesus College, Cambridge, he was successfully (and in many cases simultaneously): an ‘intelligencer’ who traveled all over Europe and recruited spies for Walsingham and Essex (Marlowe, Gwinne and Coke); a soldier (he was captain of a hundred lancers and fought for Henry of Navarre at the Battle of Coutras in 1586); a sailor (master and commander of the Foresight, 1580 and, in 1599, Rear-Admiral commanding The Triumph, the largest ship in the British Navy). He was a renowned horseman and a ‘famous Champion of the tiltyard’.

He was a lawyer (Middle Temple and Gray’s Inn) and represented the Somervilles in the ‘Somerville Suicide Case’; a judge (Recorder of Stratford and Warwick); a statesman (Secretary to the Council of Wales, 1581, Treasurer of the Navy, 1598-1604, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1614-1621). During his long career the Recorder of Stratford-upon-Avon managed to repair his family estates and ‘died reputed to be the richest man in England’.

Greville never married and spent much of his great fortune on many diverse interests. He was an art collector (the Warwick Collection, particularly the tapestries). A builder (rebuilding the ruined Warwick Castle), and an early patron of Inigo Jones (Brooke House, Holborn and The Banqueting House, Whitehall). He designed three of the most famous gardens in England, (Warwick Castle, Brooke House, Holborn, and Kings Place, Hackney). He was a great promoter of America (The Virginia Company), and, with Philip Sidney and Francis Drake, he planned ‘The Invasion of America’ in 1585. Greville’s lasting fame is as a patron to men of literature (including three Poets Laureate, Samuel Daniel, Edmund Spencer and Ben Jonson); history (William Camden, Dorislaus); trade (the East India Company); science (Giordano Bruno and John Speed); politics (Francis Bacon and Sir John Coke); and the Church (Bishops Andrews and Overall).

Greville’s literary reputation rests upon: Caelica (1633), a sequence of songs and sonnets containing love poems as well as religious and philosophical verses. Mustapha (piratically published in 1609), and Alaham (1633), two Senecan closet dramas in verse, with choruses on the Greek model, intended to be read rather than acted. Four verse treatises: A Treatise upon Fame and Honour (1633); A Treatise of Warres (1633); A Treatise of Monarchy (1670); A Treatise of Religion, (1670). A Letter to an Honourable Lady, (1633) and A Letter of Travell (1633). Greville is most famous for his biography, The Life of Sir Philip Sidney (1652).